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Lokasi Pasadena Square Gading Serpong

Dimana lokasi ruko Pasadena Square ? Melihat gambar peta lokasi dibawah, dapat diperhatikan posisi ruko Pasadena Square yang berada di Pasadena Central District, jalan boulevard Gading Serpong yang tembus ke BSD City dimasa mendatang.

Pasadena Square ruko terbaru di Gading Serpong Tangerang oleh pengembang Paramount Land launching perdana 2024. Pasadena Square adalah area komersial pertama di Pasadena Central District Gading Serpong yang memiliki total lahan seluas 40 hektar.

Ruko Pasadena Square dijual dengan menawarkan beragam fitur dan kelebihan seperti lokasi yang sangat strategis di Jalan Boulevard Gading Serpong dan akses utama ke BSD City kedepannya, sekeliling ruko terdapat perumahan mewah Pasadena Grand Residences, dan desain ruko yang modern, opsi dua fasad dan teras alfresco.

Sebagai komersial hub pertama di Pasadena Central District, ruko Pasadena Square memiliki posisi yang ideal dengan beragam pintu akses masuk kedalam kawasan, dari South Entrance, East Entrance maupun North Entrance.

Dijual Ruko Pasadena Square Gading Serpong

Menawarkan desain fasad ruko modern, Pasadena Square menawarkan fitur lantai double alfreso* dan double fasad*.

Dalam area Pasadena Square tersedia Pasadena Walk, area pejalan kaki yang lebar memberikan kenyamanan bagi pengunjung untuk berkeliling area ruko Pasadena Square.

Sales Ruko Pasadena Square

Jangan sampai kehabisan, hubungi sales ruko Pasadena Square sekarang juga untuk membeli ruko baru di Gading Serpong launching perdana 2024. Brosur ruko dan price list harga, cara pembayaran dapat juga ditanyakan langsung.

Disclaimer :Kami percaya bahwa semua informasi diatas benar adanya, namun harap diingat bahwa semua data yang diatas hanya bersifat ilustrasi saja dan dapat berubah sewaktu-waktu tanpa pemberitahuan terlebih dahulu. Mohon anda hubungi sales admin Paramount Land untuk mendapatkan informasi terbaru.

Laporan Wartawan Tribun Jatim Network, Tony Hermawan

TRIBUNJATIM.COM, SURABAYA - Kursi besi yang biasanya diletakkan di depan minimarket belakangan sering menjadi bahan konten.

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Ia memilih menggunakan kursi itu untuk berjudi online.

Baca juga: Nasib Mantan Kepsek SMP Cairkan Dana BOS untuk Main Judi Online, Anggaran Tablet untuk Siswa Amblas

Aktivitas ini akhirnya membawanya ke ruang sidang Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya.

Menurut polisi yang menangkapnya, pada 27 Maret 2024, sekitar pukul 19.30 WIB, di bawah cahaya lampu minimarket, Jainal tampak sibuk menatap layar ponsel yang dimiringkan.

Ternyata, saat itu Jainal sedang asyik bermain slot pragmatic.

Alih-alih bersantai, ia justru terjebak dalam permainan judi online yang penuh risiko.

Baca juga: Pegawai Toko di Surabaya Gelapkan 80 Tabung Gas LPG 3 Kilogram, Hasilnya untuk Main Judi Online

Jainal menekankan bahwa permainan slot ini sepenuhnya bergantung pada keberuntungan.

Ia menaruh taruhan sebesar Rp 50 ribu dengan harapan memenangkan permainan yang sangat tidak terduga.

"Jadi terdakwa memasang Rp 50 ribu untuk bermain judi online slot. Sedangkan menang dan kalahnya itu untung-untungan, Yang Mulia,” ujarnya.

Baca juga: Depresi Kecanduan Judi Online, Korban Dilarikan ke Rumah Sakit Jiwa, Banyak yang Terlilit Utang

Menjalani sidang secara daring, Jainal tidak menyangkal perbuatannya.

Jaksa Hajita Cahyo Nugroho menegaskan bahwa judi yang dilakukan Jainal adalah ilegal dan tanpa izin resmi.

“Menurut Pasal 303 ayat (1) ke-3 KUHP, Jainal dapat dijatuhi hukuman penjara,” tegas Hajita.

Baca juga: Aksi Selebgram Seksi Tulungagung Promosi Judi Online, Diupah Rp25 Juta Berujung Ditahan Kejari

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Species of wild bovine

The banteng (Bos javanicus; ), also known as tembadau,[5] is a species of wild bovine found in Southeast Asia.

The head-and-body length is between 1.9 and 3.68 m (6.2 and 12.1 ft).[6] Wild banteng are typically larger and heavier than their domesticated counterparts, but are otherwise similar in appearance. The banteng shows extensive sexual dimorphism; adult bulls are generally dark brown to black, larger and more sturdily built than adult cows, which are thinner and usually pale brown or chestnut red. There is a big white patch on the rump. Horns are present on both sexes, and are typically 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in) long. Three subspecies are generally recognised.

Banteng are active during the day as well as at night, though activity at night is more in areas frequented by humans. Herds comprise two to forty individuals, and generally a single bull. Being herbivorous, banteng feed on vegetation such as grasses, sedges, shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Banteng can survive without water for long stretches during droughts, but drink regularly if possible, especially from standing water. Not much is known about the reproductive physiology of banteng, but it might be similar to that observed in taurine cattle. After a gestation of nearly 285 days (nine to ten months), a week longer than that typically observed in taurine cattle, a single calf is born. Banteng occur in a variety of habitats throughout their range, including open deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, lower montane forests, grasslands, and abandoned farms.

The largest populations of wild banteng occur in Java, Cambodia, and possibly in Kalimantan (particularly East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan) and Thailand. Domesticated banteng occur in Bali and many eastern Indonesian islands (such as Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Sumba), Australia, Malaysia, and New Guinea. Feral populations are found in Sabah and the Northern Territory of Australia. Domesticated populations are primarily used for their highly demanded meat, and are used as draught animals to a lesser extent. The wild banteng is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List,[2] and populations have decreased by more than 50% in the past few decades. Rampant poaching (for food, game, traditional medicine and horns), habitat loss and fragmentation and susceptibility to disease are major threats throughout its range. Wild banteng are legally protected in all countries in their range, and are largely restricted to protected areas (possibly barring Cambodia). The banteng is the second endangered species to be successfully cloned, and the first clone to survive beyond infancy.

Threats and conservation

The wild banteng is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and populations have decreased by more than 50% in the past few decades. In 2008, the IUCN estimated the global banteng population at 5,000–8,000 individuals. Rampant poaching (for food, game, traditional medicine and horns), habitat loss and fragmentation and susceptibility to disease are major threats throughout the range. Most populations throughout the range are small and isolated. Banteng are legally protected in all countries in their range, and are largely restricted to protected areas.[2]

Most other populations are small and fragmented, and many are on the decline. Surveys in eastern Cambodia between 2009 and 2011 estimated the total population in Sre Pok Wildlife Sanctuary and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary at 1,980–5,170 individuals.[47] Surveys in the following years (up to 2016) in these sanctuaries and adjacent areas (such as the Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary) gave an approximate total of 4,600 individuals. Recent updates to these surveys suggest widespread collapse of these populations. The Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary population is estimated in have decline rapididly from 382 in 2010, with too few recorded in 2020 to produce a population estimate.[48] Populations in Sre Pok Wildlife Sanctuary and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary have declined from around 1000 in each site in 2010 to only 370 and 485 respectively in 2020.[49][50]

The only populations of more than 50 individuals in Thailand occur in the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary and possibly in the Kaeng Krachan National Park.[2] A survey between 2000 and 2003 in Java identified four to five significant populations, with the highest numbers in the Ujung Kulon National Park (300–800 individuals), the Baluran National Park (206 individuals) and the Meru Betiri National Park (200 individuals).[51] In East Java, a survey between 2011 and 2013 recorded rapid decline in populations in the Baluran National Park, though the numbers appeared to be stable in the Meru Betiri National Park; the researchers identified poaching, habitat disturbance, competition with other species, changes in vegetation cover and habitat loss as major threats.[52] In Borneo numbers have fallen in areas like Kalimantan and Sabah, mainly due to poaching and human disturbance. The steepest decline (by more than 50%) took place between 1970 and 2000 due to deforestation and conversion of forests into plantations. Minor populations have been reported from areas such as Kulamba Wildlife Reserve, Deramakot Forest Reserve and Sipitang Forest Reserve during 2009–2015; individuals might still occur in the Belantikan Hulu region (Central Kalimantan), Kayan Mentarang National Park (North Kalimantan) and Kutai National Park (East Kalimantan).[2]

Since a small founder event occurred in Australia with the introduction of only 20 previously domesticated banteng, a genetic bottleneck has inevitably occurred, causing all banteng presently in Australia to lack genetic diversity as a result of inbreeding. Genetic invariability can lead to inbreeding depression, resulting in harmful mutations and reduced immunity to diseases. This was proven by an analysis of 12 microsatellites, that recorded a high inbreeding coefficient of 0.58.[35] Despite the limited genetic pool of this population, conservationists hope that populations at risk can be preserved. Some have proposed that a deliberate introduction of the endangered populations to the stable but non-native Australian variety would enable viable conservation, though how it would affect Northern Territory grazing ranges is unknown.[36]

Another possible threat is introgression with other cattle and similar bovids throughout their range where they coexist in the wild or due to crossbreeding programs, that may compromise the genetic integrity or purity of banteng populations.[31][2] This, coupled with possibly low genetic diversity in small, isolated populations, is a major concern in Sabah, where water buffaloes might crossbreed with wild banteng. However, little genetic research has been done in this area to conclusively establish the impact of such crossbreeding on banteng survival.[2] In a bid to protect the genetic purity of Bali cattle, Bali has banned other cattle varieties on the island.[31]

The banteng is the second endangered species to be successfully cloned, and the first clone to survive beyond infancy (the first was a gaur that died two days after birth).[53][54] Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Massachusetts extracted DNA from skin cells of a dead male banteng, that were preserved in the San Diego Zoo's cryobank Frozen Zoo facility, and transferred it into eggs from domestic banteng cows, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. Thirty embryos were created and sent to Trans Ova Genetics, where they were implanted in domestic banteng cows. Two were carried to term and delivered by Caesarian section. The first was born on 1 April 2003, and the second two days later. The second was euthanised, apparently suffering from large offspring syndrome (an overgrowth disorder), but the first survived and lived for seven years at the San Diego Zoo, where it died in April 2010 after it broke a leg and was euthanised.[55][56]

PABRIK rokok Gudang Garam melompat terus meninggalkan pabrik lainnya. Apalagi sejak digunakannya 28 mesin pembuat rokok filter sekitar satu setengah tahun yang lalu. Produksi Gudang Garam sekarang ini mencapai puncaknya dengan sekitar 40 juta batang/hari. Padahal akhir 1979 lalu, ketika baru 8 mesinnya berjalan, produksi baru 25 juta batang/hari. Kini bukan hanya jumlah mesinnya yang bertambah jadi 28 buah, tapi buruhnya kini mencapai 30.000 orang. Pada April 1979, jumlah buruh GG sudah 25.000 orang. Pemerintah memang mencanangkan persyaratan agar penggunaa mesin itu tidak mengurangi jumlah buruh. "Produksi masinalnya hanya boleh 50% produksi tangan. Jadi kalau mau meningkatkan jumlah produksi masinalnya harus meningkatkan pula jumlah produksi tangannya," ujar sumber TEMPO di Gabungan Pabrik Rokok (Gapero) Kediri di mana GG jadi salah satu anggotanya. Penggunaan mesin yang bisa meningkatkan produksi sigaret kretek demikian besar itu tampaknya menjadi sorotan pihak lain, terutama pabrik rokok kecil dan pabrik rokok putih. "Kalau mereka terus meningkatkan produksi, kami terus menurunkan produksi," ujar seorang pengusaha pabrik rokok kecil yang masih satu kota dengan GG. Di Kudus terjadi pukulan yang sama. "Produksi rokok kretek tangan di sini menurun setiap tahun, kata Mahmudi Sekretaris Persatuan Perusahaan Rokok Kretek (PPRK) Kudus kepada pembantu TEM PO B. Amarudin. Pada tahun 1960-an kota kretek itu masih mencatat kurang lebih 65 pabrik, kecil sampai besar. Sekarang hanya 16 perusahaan rokok kretek tangan yang masih bertahan. Mundurnya pabrik rokok kretek tangan, menurut kalangan kretek di Kudus, adalah garaara SK Dirjen Bea dan Cukai No. 159 tahun 1979. "Peraturan itu banyak memberi peluang bagi pabrik rokok kretek mesin," kata seorang pengusaha kretek terkemuka di Kudus. Namun begitu, menurut Mahmudi, untuk beralih ke pabrik yang masinal pun tak mudah. Rokok Cap Sukun, Djambu Bol dan Noyorono, menurut Mahmudi, sudah lama mengajukan izin untuk juga menggunakan mesin. "Tapi tak pernah dijawab pemerintah sampai sekarang,"katanya. Bagi pabrik rokok putih seperti BAT keberatan paling utama adalah rendahnya cukai yang diperlakukan kepada kretek masinal ini. Hal tersebut dikemukakan Presiden Direktur PT BAT Indonesia Robert Guion Ingledew Leonard dalam sambutannya yang dimuat dalam buku laporan tahunan mereka baru-baru ini. Sementara yang putih seperti BAT itu dikenakan 40%, rokok kretek filter cuma 35%. "Tapi sejak 1 Februari 1981 lalu kan sudah dinaikkan jadi 40%," ujar Suyoso, salah satu Direktur Gudang Garam pada TEMPO. Itu ternyata bukan perlakuan khusus terhadap GG. "Kami juga dikenakan 35%, tapi sekarang juga sudah naik jadi 40%, sahut Hendra Suryaseputra dari PT Bentoel Malang. Cukai jenis rokok ini memang berubah-ubah. "Dulu pernah 50% kemudian turun iadi 35% dan sekarang 40%," tambah Hendra. Sedang cukai rokok bikinan tangan tetap hanya 25%. International Filter Sejak menggunakan mesin-mesin filter GG memang semakin merajai pasaran. Terutama lewat dua macam produk mereka International Filter dengan warna rokok putih dan coklat. "Rasanya merupakan perpaduan antara kretek dan rokok putih," ujar seorang direktur pabrik rokok di Malang. Karena itu tak ayal bila perokok yang tidak suka kretek bisa lari ke Filter International GG yang harganya Rp 275/bungkus isi 12 batang. Tapi rupanya bukan hanya ini yang bisa ikut menggerogoti pasaran rokok putih. Sekitar satu setengah tahun yang lalu pula, keluar rokoh putih Gudang Garam isi 14 batang. Dan yang bikin keki pabrik lain tampaknya harganya hanya Rp 90/bungkus dan belum juga naik sampai sekarang. Menurut Suyoso, salah satu direktur GG tadi, produksi rokok putih mereka baru sekitar 1 milyar batang dalam setahun ini. Mengapa bikin rokok putih segala? "Campurannya tidak rumit dan jenis tembakau yang digunakan lebih gampang," ujar Suyoso. Tapi eksperimen rokok putih ini tampaknya tidak bisa semaju kreteknya. "Pasaran kami dibatasi. Kami tidak boleh masuk Sumatera untuk tidak mematikan pasaran rokok putih buatan Sumatera," ujar Suyoso. GG yang sejak 1958 berdiri di atas kompleks seluas hampir 100 ha itu kini sudah luar biasa. Pembayaran cukainya kini, seperti dikatakan Suyoso pada TEM PO, "tiaP bulan Rp 10 milyar." Awal tahun lalu mereka membayar sekitar Rp 6,5 milyar per bulan.

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Ecology and behaviour

Banteng are active during the day as well as at night, though activity at night is more in areas frequented by humans. They typically form herds of two to forty individuals consisting of a single bull, cows and young. Older males form groups of two or three. Banteng are timid and reclusive, and tend to be highly alert, making approach difficult. Domestic individuals get stressed easily, and need to be handled with care. They rest and seek shelter for safety in dense forests.[12][17][5] Banteng, particularly cows and calves, walk fast and manoeuvre easily through dense cover.[20] Predators of adult banteng include the local populations of tigers and dholes (Asian wild dogs).[12][21][22] Banteng use their strong sense of smell to detect predators and as a means of communication within a herd. Their hearing is also highly developed. Vocalisations such as roars and bellows might be common during the breeding season; calves within seven months may produce soft eng sounds. High-pitched cries are used to raise alarm.[20]

Herbivores, banteng feed on vegetation such as grasses, sedges, shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits. They forage at night in open areas, taking breaks of two to three hours in between to ruminate and rest.[17][5] They may move to forests at higher altitudes to forage during the rainy season.[12] A study in Deramakot Forest Reserve (Sabah) showed the presence of several herbal seeds (such as Mimosa pudica and Paspalum conjugatum), bamboo (probably Dinochloa species) and tree bark in faecal samples.[23] A study in West Java showed that banteng grazed mostly on the grasses Axonopus compressus, Cynodon dactylon, Ischaemum muticum and P. conjugatum, and the woody shrub Psychotria malayana.[24] Banteng can survive without water for several days during droughts, but drink regularly if possible, especially from standing water. They frequent salt licks to satisfy their salt requirements; in the absence of licks they drink sea water instead. Banteng can drink highly saline water, and have been observed feeding on seaweed in northern Australia.[17]

Habitat and distribution

Banteng occur in a variety of habitats throughout their range, including open deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, lower montane forests, abandoned farms and grasslands. They occur up to an elevation of 2,100 m (6,900 ft) above the sea level.[2][5] The largest populations of wild banteng occur in Cambodia, Java and possibly in Borneo (particularly Sabah), Viet Nam ( Tay Nguyen )and Thailand. They are also known to occur in Kalimantan (Borneo) and Myanmar; their presence is uncertain in Bali, Sarawak, China, Laos and they are feared to have gone extinct in (if they were present in) Bangladesh, Brunei and India. Domesticated banteng occur in Bali and many eastern Indonesian islands (such as Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Sumba), Australia, Malaysia and New Guinea. Feral populations are found in East Kalimantan, the Northern Territory in Australia, and possibly in Enggano and Sangihe in Indonesia.[2][18]

In the past banteng were widespread in the Southeast Asian mainland, including Yunnan Province (China) and extending to Borneo and Java through Peninsular Malaysia; northeastern India and Bali were probably part of the range. Some researchers have excluded Bali from the historical range in the absence of fossil evidence, considering banteng to be an introduced species.[2] However, in East Kalimantan cave art portraying a bovid, dating back to c. 10,000 BC, has been suggested by some to be a depiction of banteng and led to speculation that the species might have reached up to the Wallace Line by that time.[28] Dutch naturalist Andries Hoogerwerf notes that banteng possibly occurred since prehistoric times in Java, as indicated by remains dating back to c. 1,000 BC discovered in the Sampung cave in Ponorogo Regency, Central Java.[20]

Diseases and parasites

Banteng host several endoparasites such as liver flukes (that cause fasciolosis), intestinal worms (such as Strongyloides papillosus) and Paramphistomum species (that cause paramphistomiasis).[17][20] Banteng are susceptible to bovine malignant catarrhal fever caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2).[17][26] Bali ziekte, which is a skin disease seen exclusively in banteng, begins with a dry eczema, worsening to necrosis and lacerated mucous membranes in the affected area. Other diseases including blackleg and bovine viral diarrhoea, have caused several deaths in captivity.[17]

Ectoparasites recorded in banteng include Amblyomma testudinarium, Haemaphysalis cornigera and Rhipicephalus species. Like water buffaloes, banteng have considerable immunity against ticks and tick-borne diseases.[17][20] A study in northern Australia revealed a mutually symbiotic relationship between banteng and the Torresian crow, that fed off ectoparasites (possibly ixodid ticks) from exposed parts of the banteng's body, mainly between the hind legs. This is especially notable, as it is the first known symbiotic relationship between a native bird species and a non-native wild mammal, and it took only 150 years to develop.[27]

Domestication and uses

The banteng was domesticated in Indonesian islands of Java or Bali probably around 3,500 BC. The domesticated population consists of mainly the Bali cattle in Indonesia.[18][29] As of 2016, Bali cattle comprise nearly 25% of the Indonesian cattle population (2.45 million out of the total 9.8 million).[18] Domesticated banteng are docile and can tolerate hot, humid weather. Moreover, they can thrive and maintain their normal body weights even on poor quality fodder. They are primarily used for their highly demanded meat, that has been described as lean and soft.[17][30] They are also used as draught animals to a limited extent; banteng are reportedly less efficient than zebu in dragging carts on roads, though they are suitable for agricultural work.[31] However, banteng produce little milk; they lactate for only six to ten months, and the daily produce is just 0.9–2.8 kg (2.0–6.2 lb). They are also vulnerable to diseases such as bovine malignant catarrhal fever. In 1964, an outbreak of an unidentified disease, locally known as "jembrana", wiped out 10–60% of domesticated banteng populations in several areas in Bali; similar but less intense outbreaks have continued in the following years.[17] The disease was later determined to be caused by a lentivirus.[32]

Domesticated banteng were first introduced to Australia in 1849 with the establishment of a British military outpost called Port Essington on Cobourg Peninsula. Twenty animals were taken to the western Arnhem Land, in present-day Northern Territory, as a source of meat. A year after the outpost's establishment, poor conditions including crop failure and tropical disease led to its abandonment. On the departure of British troops, the banteng were released from their grazing pastures and allowed to form a feral population.[33] By the 1960s, researchers realised that a population of about 1,500 individuals had developed in the tropical forests of Cobourg Peninsula.[34] As of 2007, around 8,000–10,000 feral banteng occur in Australia, mainly in Garig Gunak Barlu National Park (Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory).[35][36] In a survey published in 1990, the population density in the forests was found to be around 70/km2 (180/sq mi), close to that on their initial introduction 140 years ago.[37]

Australian banteng are considered a non-native vermin species, as they reportedly trample and destroy vegetation cover by overgrazing, and sometimes harm and kill people who may closely approach them. Moreover, banteng can transmit lethal diseases such as brucellosis to humans as well as other cattle. As such banteng are occasionally shot to bring down their numbers in Australia, but some have expressed concern about their conservation given the decline in banteng populations outside the country.[38][39] In a study in the monsoon forests of Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, banteng were found to cause little damage by overgrazing, especially when compared with feral pigs in the region.[40] Instead, grazing by banteng possibly minimises potential dry grass build-up, thus limiting encroachment of seasonal fires (hence postfire grassland) into monsoonal forest areas, and this may help with the dispersal and germination of seeds.[37]

Domesticated banteng have been hybridised with other types of cattle. Madura cattle, found in Java, are fertile hybrids of banteng and zebu. A small breed, the bulls weigh between 250 and 300 kg (550 and 660 lb) and the cows weigh 150 kg (330 lb). They are used in local traditional events such as bull racing and cow beauty contests. Other hybrids include Donggala, Galekan and Java Brebes (Jabres) cattle.[41][42] While all hybrids with zebu are fertile, the male hybrids resulting from a cross with taurine cattle are sterile.[2] A program to cross-breed domestic and wild banteng began in June 2011, resulting in five pregnancies. This was intended to help improve the quality and productivity of the domesticated breed. The wild bulls were transported from the Baluran National Park in Situbondo.[43]

Certain elements in the Indonesian independent movements proposed it to be part of the Indonesian flag before the 1939 decided in favour of the plain red-and-white flag.[44]

The banteng's head appears as one of the five emblems in the shield of Indonesia's coat-of-arms, "Garuda Pancasila". The emblem appears on the top-left of the shield, representing the fourth principle of the Indonesian five-point state philosophy (Pancasila), "Democracy that is Guided by the Inner Wisdom in the Unanimity Arising Out of Deliberations Amongst Representatives". A number of political parties in the country used the banteng's head as its symbol, including the Indonesian National Party (of President Sukarno), the Indonesian Democratic Party, and the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (of Presidents Megawati Sukarnoputri and Joko Widodo).[45][46]

Interaction with humans

Human association with banteng could date back several millennia, as suggested by animal remains and art discovered in caves.[28][20] Hooijer opined that the earliest reference to the banteng was made by the Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant in his 1800 account Outlines of the Globe, where he mentions a record of "wild oxen, of a reddish brown colour, with vast horns, and of a great size" in Java.[11] However, Hoogerwerf pointed out that the banteng may have been mentioned in literature as old as the Nagarakretagama (1365 AD), an eulogy to the Javanese king Hayam Wuruk, which includes a description of a royal hunt of several animals including banteng. Moreover, records from the 18th century show that banteng were used as beasts of burden to carry several items such as coffee plants.[20]